BAB II PEMBAHASAN Pengertian Kehamilan Kunjungan awal adalah suatu kunjungan yang dilakukan pertama kali ibu hamil dari awal kehamilan hingga minggu ke-36. Tujuan Kunjungan adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Membina hubungan saling percaya antara bidan dan ibu 2. Mendeteksi masalah yang dapat diobati 3. Asuhan kehamilan kunjungan awal pdfescape Watch Don`S Party Online Free 2016 Gunfighter the legend of jesse james pc Watch Open Water 3: Cage.
Makalah kehamilan. 1. BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Angka kematian ibu (AKI) telah terjadi penurunan sekitar 25% menjadi 334/100.000 kelahiran hidup (SDKI, 1997) dalam dekade 1986-1997. Sedangkan angka kematian bayi (AKB) menurun cukup tajam melalui berbagai intervensi namun hasilnya belum sesuai dengan harapan (dari 145/1000 kh pada 1967 menjadi 52/1000 kh pada 1997).
Data tersebut menunjukan AKI dan AKB masih tertinggi di antara negara-negara ASEAN. Menurut Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2003 angka kematian ibu (AKI) di Indonesia adalah 307/100.000 kelahiran hidup. Bila mengacu pada ektrapolasi biro pusat statistik maka kecenderungan penurunan AKI telah mengarah jalur yang di inginkan yaitu 265 dan 248/100.000 kelahiran hidup pada tahun 2006 dan 2007 walaupun interpretasi secara global menyebutkan bahwa perjalanan menuju target MDG 2015 masih di luar jalurnya. Tingginya kasus kesakitan dan kematian ibu di banyak negara berkembang, terutama disebabkan oleh pendarahan pasca persalinan, eklampsi, sepsis dan komplikasi keguguran.
Sebagian besar penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian ibu tersebut sebenarnya dapat dicegah. Melalui upaya pencegahan yang efektif, beberapa negara berkembang dan hampir semua negara maju berhasil menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian ibu ke tingkat yang sangat rendah. Rumusan Masalah Dari latar belakang di atas maka dapat dirumuskan masalah sebagai berikut: 1. Apa yang dimaksud kehamilan? Apa saja yang dikaji dalam kehamilan? Apa yang dimaksud kehamilan?
Apa saja yang dikaji dalam kehamilan?. BAB II PEMBAHASAN Pengertian Kehamilan Kunjungan awal adalah suatu kunjungan yang dilakukan pertama kali ibu hamil dari awal kehamilan hingga minggu ke-36. Tujuan Kunjungan adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Membina hubungan saling percaya antara bidan dan ibu 2. Mendeteksi masalah yang dapat diobati 3.
Mencegah masalah dan penggunaan praktek tradisional yang merugikan. Memulai persiapan persalinan dan kesiapan untuk menghadapi komplikasi. Mendorong perilaku yang sehat. Pengkajian Data Kesehatan Ibu Hamil 1. Riwayat Kesehatan Social, Riwayat Kebidanan, Keluarga, Penyakit. Riwayat kesehatan merupakan identifikasi keluhan sekarang, penyakit umum yang pernah diderita, serta penyakit yang dialami saat masa sebelum kehamilan maupun saat kehamilan. Kumpulan keluarga Informasi tentang keluarga klien harus mencakup asal keluarga, tempat lahir, orang-orang yang tinggal bersama klien, individu yang dianggap “keluarga”, dan individu yang dapat diandalkan dalam memperoleh dukungan,tentang status klien saat ini, dan klien tinggal dengan siapa klien tinggal.hal ini menunjukan bahwa bidan menyadari tidak semua wanita hamil terikat dan sanggup untuk sendiri menghadapi semua keadaan saat ia hamil.
Situasi tempat tinggal Dapatkan informasi tentang tempat tinggal klien, seberapa kali ia pindah, seperti apa rumahnya, jumlah individu, keamanan lingkungan, dan jika diindikasikan, apakah tersedia cukup makanan didalam rumah,dan keadaan lingkungan sekitar, diharapkan tetap bersih dan terhindar dari berbagai sumber penyakit. Pekerjaan Mengetahui pekerjaan klien adalah penting untuk mengetahui apakah klien berada dalam keadaan utuh dan untuk mengkaji potensi kelainan premature dan pajanan terhadap bahaya lingkungan kerja, yang dapat merusak janin. Pendidikan, minat, hobi, dan tujuan Tanyakan pendidikan tertinggi yang klien tamatkan juga minat, hobi, dan tujuan jangka panging. Informasi ini membantu klinis memahami klien sebagai individu dan memberi gambaran kemampuan baca-tulisnya. Kadang-kadang bahaya potensial dari hobi, seperti.
melukis, memahat, mengelas, membuat mebel, piloting, balap, menembak, membuat keramik, dan berkebun akan diidentifikasi. Pilihan agama Tanyakan pilihan agama klien dan berbagai praktik terkait-agama yang harus diobservasi.Informasi ini dapat menuntun ke suatu diskusi tentang pentingnya agama dalam kehidupan klien, tradisi keagamaan dalam kehamilan dan kelahiran, perasaan tentang jenis kelamin tenaga kesehatan, dan pada beberapa kasus, penggunaan produk darah. Hewan peliharaan Tanyakan jenis dan jumlah hewan peliharaan ditempat tinggal klien.Hewan peliharaan yang berpotensi menimbulkan bahaya dan penyakit harus didiskusikan. Sumber dukungan dan perencanaan kehamilan Tanyakan siapa yang dapat klien andalkan untuk memberinya dukungan.Pada saat tertentu wanita mungkin menjawab tidak seorangpun. Dengan demikian, kunjungan yang lebih lama dan lebih sering serta berfokus pada upaya mencari dukungan emosional dan menjalin hubungan dengan sumber komunitas yang tepat harus dijadwalkan jika memungkinkan dan tanyakan pada klien apakah kehamilan ini direncanakan atau tidak. Sumber stress Faktor-faktor yang umum menjadi sumber steres pada wanita hamil ialah biaya, pemukiman, kenakalan anak, dan masalah hubungan dengan pasangan atau anggota keluarga lain.pertanyaan, “ apakah sumber utama stress anda saat ini?” akan memb antu klinisi memahami beberapa factor yang mempengaruhi kehidupan dan kehamilan klien. Hasil NST yang reaktif biasanya diikuti dengan keadaan janin yang baik sampai 1 minggu kemudian (spesifisitas 95% – 99%).Hasil NST yang non-reaktif disertai dengan keadaan janin yang jelek (kematian perinatal, nilai Apgar rendah, adanya deselerasi lambat intrapartum), dengan sensitivitas sebesar 20%.Hasil NST yang meragukan harus diulang dalam waktu 24 jam.
Oleh karena rendahnya nilai sensitivitas NST, maka setiap hasil NST yang non-reaktif sebaiknya dievaluasi lebih lanjut dengan contraction stress test (CST), selama tidak ada kontraindikasi. Amniosentesis Amniosintesis adalah metode untuk mendapatkan cairan amnion dengan memasukkan trocar halu dan kanula yang steril ke dalam cavitas amnii melewati dinding abdomen dan dinding uterus.Sel-sel fetus dilepaskan kedalam amnion dan dapat dikaji untuk penentuan jenis kelamin dan kesehatan fetus.Untuk alasan yang sudah jelas, maka letak plasenta harus ditetapkan sebelum amniosentesis. Kajian-kajian berikutnya akan dilakukan pada specimen cairan yang di aspirasi antara umur kehamilan 14 sampai 18 minggu. Hasil analisis biasanya. baru diperoleh setelah paling cepat 3 minggu.Dan uji dagnostik yang lebih baru telah dirancang untuk menghindari hasil yang terlalu lama ini. Menentukan Diagnosa 1. Menetapkan Normalitas Kehamilan adalah kehamilan dimana ibu dalam keadaan sehat, tidak ada riwayat obstetrik buruk, ukuran uterus sama/sesuai usia kehamilan serta hasil pemeriksaan fisik dan laboratorium normal.
Lamanya kehamilan mulai dari ovulasi sampai partus adalah kira-kira 280 hari (40 minggu), dan tidak lebih dari 300 hari (43 minggu). Kehamilan 40 minggu ini disebut kehamilan matur (cukup bulan). Bila kehamilan lebih dari 43 minggu disebut kehamilan postmatur. Kehamilan antara 28 dan 36 minggu disebut kehamilan prematur.
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Kehamilan yang terakhir ini akan mempengaruhi viabilitas (kelangsungan hidup) bayi yang dilahirkan, karena bayi yang terlalu muda mempunyai prognosis buruk. Membedakan Antara Ketidaknyamanan dalam Kehamilan dan Kemungkinan Komplikasi Tidak semua wanita mengalami ketidaknyamanan akibat kehamilan yang disebutkan dibawah ini, akan tetapi tidak sedikit juga wanita yang mengalami ketidaknyamanan tersebut. Rasa letih Rasa letih sering terjadi selama trimester pertama tanpa diketahui penyebabnya.
Salah satu sangkaan yang diajukan ialah penurunan awal dalam laju metabolik dasar pada awal-awal kehamilan, tetapi mengapa hal itu terjadi tidaklah jelas. Untunglah hal ini hanya merupakan ketidaknyamanan yang terbatas, biasanya akan lenyap pada akhir trimester pertama.
Namun, hal tersebut bisa mempunyai efek meningkatkan intensitas respon psikologis yang dialami wanita selama masa tersebut. Punggung Atas Sakit (bukan karena penyakit) Sakit punggung bagian atas bisa terjadi selama trimester pertama oleh karena pertambahan ukuran dan akibat beratnya payudara, yang juga merupakan pertanda presumtif kehamilan. Kram Kaki Alasan-alasan fisiologis dari kram di kaki ini tidaklah jelas diketahui. Selama sekian tahun, kram di kaki dianggap disebabkan oleh kurangnya atau terganggunya konsumsi kalsium atau ketidakseimbangan dalam perbandingan kalsium-fosfor didalam tubuh, tetapi semua penyebab ini sekarang tidak lagi dinyatakan demikian dalam literatur-literatur saat ini. Satu aliran lain menganggap bahwa uterus yang membesar memberikan tekanan pada pembuluh-pembuluh darah panggul, dan dengan demikian mempengaruhi sirkulasi, atau pada syaraf saat mereka meresap melalui foramen obturator dalam perjalanannya ke tungkai bagian bawah. Edema Tungkai Edema (penimbunan cairan atau bengkak) tungkai adalah akibat sirkulasi vena yang terganggu serta tekanan vena yang meningkat didalam tungkai bagian bawah. Gangguan- gangguan sirkulasi ini adalah disebabkan tekanan dari uterus yang membesar pada pembuluh- pembuluh vena panggul pada saat wanita tersebut sedang duduk atau berdiri serta pada vena cava inferior ketika wanita tersebut berbaring menggeletak.
Varikositas/varises Edema (penimbunan cairan atau bengkak) tungkai adalah akibat sirkulasi vena yang terganggu serta tekanan vena yang meningkat didalam tungkai bagian bawah. Gangguan- gangguan sirkulasi ini adalah disebabkan tekanan dari uterus yang membesar pada pembuluh- pembuluh vena panggul pada saat wanita tersebut sedang duduk atau berdiri serta pada vena cava inferior ketika wanita tersebut berbaring menggeletak. Mengidentifikasi Tanda dan Gejala Penyimpangan dari Keadaan Normal Deteksi dini terhadap komplikasi kehamilan adalah upaya penjaringan yang dilakukan untuk menemukan penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang terjadi.
Berikut ini merupakan tanda dan gejala bahaya yang menyimpang dari keadaan normal atau mengarah pada komplikasi, yaitu: 1. Perdarahan pervaginam 2. Sakit kepala yang hebat, menetap dan tidak hilang 3.
Perubahan visual secara tiba-tiba (mata berkunang-kunang) 4. Pembengkakan pada wajah dan tangan 5.
Sakit abdomen atau nyeri pada ulu hati yang hebat 6. Pergerakan bayi berkurang tidak seperti biasanya atau bahkan tidak ada pergerakan 4. Mengidentifikasi Kemungkinan Kebutuhan Belajar Pada setiap kunjungan antenatal bidan harus mengajarkan kepada ibu bagaimana mengenali tanda-tanda bahaya ini, dan menganjurkan untuk datang ke klinik dengan segara jika ia mengalami tanda-tanda bahaya tersebut.
Dari beberapa pengalaman, akan lebih baik memberikan pendidikan kepada ibu dan anggota keluarga khususnya pembuat keputusan utama, sehingga si ibu akan didampingi untuk mendapatkan asuhan. Enam tanda-tanda bahaya selama periode antenatal adalah: a. Perdarahan vagina b. Sakit kepala yang hebat, menetap yang tidak hilang c. Perubahan visual secara tiba-tiba (pandangan kabur, rabun senja) d.
Nyeri abdomen yang hebat e. Bengkak pada muka atau tangan f. Bayi kurang bergerak seperti biasa. d. Mengembangkan Perencanaan Asuhan yang Komprehensif 1.
Menetapkan Kebutuhan Test Laboratorium Tujuan test laboratorium adalah untuk mendeteksi komplikasi-komplikasi dalam kehamilan. Macam test laboratorium dalam asuhan kehamilan yang merupakan kompetensi bidan adalah: a. Tes hemoglobin darah (Hb) Tujuan: untuk mengetahui kadar Hb pada ibu hamil dan untuk mendeteksi anemia gravidarum. Tes urin protein Tujuan: untuk mengetahui kadar protein dalam urin dan untuk mendeteksi pre eklamsia dalam kehamilan. Tes glukosa urin Tujuan: untuk mengetahui kadar glukosa dalam urin dan untuk mendeteksi diabetes mellitus gravidarum 2.
Menetapkan Kebutuhan Belajar Penuntun belajar digunakan untuk melatih keterampilan dalam pencapaianelemen- elemen kompetensi oleh mahasiswa secara individual.Mulai dari latihandi laboratorium keterampilan sampai saat melaksanakan praktik klinik kebidanan.Bimbingan keterampilan untuk mencapai kompetensi di laboratoriumketerampilan asuhan kebidanan baru bisa dilaksanakan atau diikuti oleh seorangmahasiswa bila mahasiswa tersebut telah mengikuti perkuliahan seluruh materikuliah asuhan kehamilan (mata kuliah asuhan ibu I). Dalam perkuliahan tersebutmahasiswa mendapat teori tentang teori tentang fisiologi kehamilan, pertumbuhankehamilan dari bulan ke bulan, kebutuhan fisik dan psikologis ibu selamakehamilan, perubahan fisik dan psikologis ibu selama hamil, perubahan fisik dan psikologis ibu dalam masa kehamilan, teori tentang pendekatan dalam asuhankehamilan (Manajemen Varney) dan dokumentasi asuhan kehamilan. Dalam perkuliahan juga dilakukan demonstrasi dan simulasi keterampilan yangmendukung kompetensi yang akan dilatih atau dipelajari. Menetapkan Kebutuhan untuk Komplikasi Ringan Pengobatan yang diberikan oleh bidan pada dasarnya bersifat pertolongan sementara sebelum dirujuk ke dokter, atau tindak lanjut pengobatan sesuai advis dokter. Pemberian obat yang bersifat sementara pada penyakit ringan diperbolehkan, sepanjang sesuai dengan obat- obatan yang sudah ditetapkan dan segera merujuk pada dokter.
Bidan diperkenankan menyerahkan obat kepada pasien sepanjang untuk keperluan darurat dan sesuai dengan protap. Berdasarkan Permenkes HK 02.02/149/ 2010 dalam beberapa kasus, bidan dalam menghadapi ketidaknyamanan dalam kehamilan yang masih dalam batasan fisiologis diperbolehkan memberikan pengobatan dengan obat-obat bebas, seperti vitamin, paracetamol dan asam mefenamat.
Pemberian asam folat sangat diperlukan pada kehamilan trimester 1 ini. Pemberian tablet Fe diperlukan, namun bila ibu merasa mual, sebaiknya diundur hingga mualnya hilang. Dalam menetapkan kebutuhan untuk pengobatan komplikasi ringan dalam kehamilan harus berdasarkan Kep Menkes No 900 tahun 2002 tentang registrasi dan kewenangan praktik bidan dan standar pelayanan kebidanan (SPK). Di antaranya yaitu penanganan abortus iminens, pre eklamsia, Hyperemesis gravidarum dan anemia dalam kehamilan. Menetapkan Kebutuhan Konsultasi atau Rujukan pada Tenaga Profesional lainnya Pelayanan kebidanan rujukan yaitu merupakan pengalihan tanggung jawab pelayanan oleh bidan kepada sistem pelayanan yang lebih tinggi atau lebih kompeten ataupun pengambil alihan tanggung jawab pelayanan atau menerima rujukan dari penolong persalinan lainnya seperti rujukan atau tanggung jawab dokter.
Dalam situasi dimana rujukan yang di lakukan oleh bidan kepada dokter untuk menangani klien yang mengalami komplikasi, maka keterlibatan bidan dalam pengalihan tanggung jawab diserahkan sepenuhnya kepada dokter. Tujuan rujukan a. Agar setiap klien mendapat perawatan dan pertolongan yang lebih baik b. Menjalin kerjasama dengan cara merujuk klien atau mendapatkan perlengkapan laboratorium yang memiliki fasilitas lebih lengkap upaya mendapatkan hasil test laboratorium yang lebih meyakinkan. Hal-hal yang dapat dirujuk a.
Memberikan asuhan kebidanan pada klien dengan resiko tinggi dan pertolongan pertama pada kegawat daruratan yang memerlukan tindakan kolaborasi antar dokter b. Rujukan atas kasus-kasus patologik pada kehamilan, persalinan dan nifas c. Merujuk klien yang sedang menghadapi kasus atau masalah reproduksi, seperti kasus ginekologi atau kontrasepsi yang memerlukan penanganan spesialis. Hasil informasi dari kegiatan rujukan a. Membahas secara lengkap data-data medis klien yang telah dikirim dan advis rehabilitas kepada unit yang mengirim b. Menjalin kerjasama sistem pelaporan tentang data-data medis pada umumnya dan data- data parameter pelayanan kebidanan khususnya mengenai kematian maternal dan periental 5.
Menetapkan Kebutuhan untuk Konseling Spesifik atau Anticipatory Guidence Konseling asuhan kehamilan merupakan suatu proses pemberian bantuan oleh bidan kepada ibu hamil, yang dilaksanakan lewat tatap muka dalam bentuk wawancara, dengan tujuan untuk memecahkan permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan kehamilannya, pemahaman diri tentang permasalahan yang sedang dihadapi, dan penyusunan rencana pemecahan masalah yang sesuai dengan kemampuan yang dimilikinya. Panduan antisipasi (anticipatory guidance) selama periode antepartum sangat berhubungan dengan ketidaknyamanan yang.
umum dirasakan selama kehamilan dan cara penangannannya, persiapan menjadi orang tua, tanda bahaya, perubahan – perubahan secara fisik dan psikologis, serta pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin. Beberapa informasi wajib diketahui, namun tidak semua informasi harus diberikan sekaligus, sesuaikan dengan kebutuhan ibu dan tanyakan kepada ibu hal – hal yang ingin ia ketahui.
Joyce Roberts menyarankan untuk menggunakan urutan prioritas sebagai berikut: a. Informasi merupakan tanggapan dari pertanyaan tertentu yang diberikan oleh ibu b. Informasi penting yang wajib diketahui karena berhubungan dengan keamanan diri dan bayinya c. Panduan antisipasi yang akan memfasilitasi upaya wanita untuk mrnghadapi kehamilannya d. Informasi tambahan yang berhubungan dengan perkembangan kehamilan, kebijakan institusi yang dapat membantu tetapi tidak berkaitan dengan wanita itu sendiri Dalam menetapkan kebutuhan untuk konseling spesifik, harus di sesuaikan dengan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh ibu hamil berdasarkan anamnesa dan pemeriksaan fisik maupun pemeriksaan penunjang yang telah di lakukan oleh bidan. Beberapa kebutuhan konseling yang perlu diberikan pada setiap ibu hamil pada kunjungan awal adalah pendidikan kesehatan tentang: a. Tanda bahaya dalam kehamilan b.
Gizi pada ibu hamil c. Persiapan persalinan d. Imunisasi TT e. Kebersihan h. Pemberian ASI i.
Aktifitas seksual j. Kegiatan sehari-hari dan pekerjaan k. Obat-obatan dan merokok l.
Body mekanik m. Pakaian dan sepatu. BAB III ASUHAN KEHAMILAN Kunjungan ulang adalah setiap kali kunjungan antenatal yang dilakukan setelah kunjungan antenatal pertama sampai memasuki persalinan. Mengevaluasi Data Dasar Data dasar adalah kumpulan data yang berisikan mengenai status kesehatan klien, kemampuam klien untuk mengelola kesehatan dan keperawatannya terhadap dirinya sendiri, dan hasil konsultasi dari medis atau profesi kesehatan lainnya. Bidan mengevaluasi data dasar yang dipertimbangkan dalam menegakkan diagnosis pada kunjungan pertama, evaluasi tersebut dapat dicermati pada table berikut ini: Data Dasar Pertimbangan untuk Amenore Diagnosis kehamilan Tanggal menstruasi terakhir Diagnosis kehamilan Keluhan yang disampaikan pasien Pemberian konseling Hasil pemeriksaan fisik: Kenaikan BB Tes urine kehamilan (tes HCG) positif Cloasma gravidarum Perubahan pada payudara Linea nigra Tanda Chadwick Tanda hegar Diagnosis kehamilan b. Mengevaluasi Keefektifan Manajemen atau Asuhan Tafsiran dari hasil tindakan yang telah di ambil adalah penting untuk menilai keefektifan asuhan yang diberikan. Analisa dari hasil yang dicapai menjadi fokus dari penelitian ketepatan tindakan.
Kalau kriteria tujuan tidak tercapai, proses evaluasi dapat menjadi dasar untuk mengembangkan tindakan alternatif sehingga dapat mencapai tujuan. Pengertian Manajemen kebidanan adalah proses pemecahan masalah yang digunakan sebagai metode untuk mengorganisasikan pikiran dan tindakan berdasarkan teori ilmiah, penemuan- penemuan, ketrampilan dalam rangkaian tahapan logis untuk pengambilan keputusan yang berfokus pada klien. Manajemen kebidanan menyangkut pemberian pelayanan yang utuh dan menyeluruh dari kepada kliennya, yang merupakan suatu proses manajemen kebidanan yang diselenggarakan untuk memberikan pelayanan yang berkualitas melalui tahapan-tahapan dan.
langkah-langkah yang disusun secara sistematis untuk mendapatkan data, memberikan pelayanan yang benar sesuai dengan keputusan tindakan klinik yang dilakukan dengan tepat, efektif dan efisien. Standar 7 langkah Varney, yaitu: Langkah I: Pengkajian Pada langkah ini bidan mengumpulkan semua informasi yang akurat dan lengkap dari semua sumber yang berkaitan dengan kondisi klien, untuk memperoleh data dapat dilakukan dengan cara: a. Pemeriksaan fisik sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan pemeriksaan tanda-tanda vital c. Pemeriksaan fisik d. Pemeriksaan penunjang Bila klien mengalami komplikasi yang perlu di konsultasikan kepada dokter dalam penatalaksanaan maka bidan perlu melakukan konsultasi atau kolaborasi dengan dokter.
Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal yang akan menentukan langkah berikutnya, sehingga kelengkapan data sesuai dengan kasus yang di hadapi akan menentukan proses interpretasi yang benar atau tidak dalam tahap selanjutnya, sehingga dalam pendekatan ini harus yang komprehensif meliputi data subjektif, objektif dan hasil pemeriksaan sehingga dapat menggambarkan kondisi / masukan klien yang sebenarnya dan valid. Kaji ulang data yang sudah di kumpulkan apakah sudah tepat, lengkap dan akurat.
Langkah II: Merumuskan masalah/masalah kebidanan Pada langkah ini identifikasi terhadap diagnosa atau masalah berdasarkan interpretasi yang akurat atas data-data yang telah dikumpulkan. Data dasar yang sudah dikumpulkan diinterpretasikan sehingga dapat merumuskan diagnosa dan masalah yang spesifik. Rumusan diagnosa dan masalah keduanya digunakan karena masalah tidak dapat didefinisikan seperti diagnosa tetapi tetap membutuhkan penanganan. Masalah sering berkaitan dengan hal-hal yang sedang dialami wanita yang diidentifikasioleh bidan sesuaidengan hasil pengkajian. Masalah juga sering menyertai diagnosa.
Diagnosa kebidanan adalah diagnosa yang ditegakkan bidan dalam lingkup praktik kebidanan dan memenuhi standar nomenklatur diagnosa kebidanan. Langkah III: Mengantisipasi diagnosa/masalah kebidanan Pada langkah ini mengidentifikasi masalah potensial atau diagnose potensial berdasarkan diagnosa/masalah yang sudah diidentifikasi.
Langkah ini membutuhkan antisipasi, bila memungkinkan dilakukan pencegahan. Pada langkah ketiga ini bidan dituntut untuk mampu mengantisipasi masalah potensial tidak hanya merumuskan masalah potensial yang akan. terjadi tetapi juga merumuskan tindakan antisipasi agar masalah atau diagnosa potesial tidak terjadi. Langkah IV: Menetapkan kebutuhan tindakan segera Mengidentifikasi perlunya tindakan segera oleh bidan/dokter dan/untuk dikonsultasikan atau ditangani bersama dengan anggota tim kesehatan yang lain sesuai dengan kondisi klien. Langkah ini mencerminkan kesinambungan dari proses penatalaksanaan kebidanan. Jadi, penatalaksanaan bukan hanya selama asuhan primer periodik atau kunjungan prenatal saja tetapi juga selama wanita tersebut bersama bidan terus-menerus. Pada penjelasan diatas menunjukkan bahwa bidan dalam melakukan tindakan harus sesuai dengan prioritas masalah/kebutuhan yang dihadapi kliennya.
Setelah bidan merumuskan tindakan yang perlu dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi diagnosa/masalah potensial pada langkah sebelumnya, bidan juga harus merumuskan tindakan emergency/segera untuk segera ditangani baik ibu maupun bayinya. Dalam rumusan ini termasuk tindakan segera yang mampu dilakukan secara mandiri, kolaborasi atau yang bersifat rujukan. Langkah V: Merencanakan asuhan secara menyaluruh Pada langkah ini direncanakan asuhan yang menyeluruh yang ditentukan oleh langkah- langkah sebelumnya. Langkah ini merupakan kelanjutan penatalaksanaan terhadap masalah atau diagnosa yang telah teridentifikasi atau diantisipasi.
Pada langkah ini informasi data yang tidak lengkap dapat dilengkapi. Rencana asuhan yang menyeluruh tidak hanya meliputi apa-apa yang sudah teridentifikasi dari kondisi klien atau dari masalah yang berkaitan tetapi juga dari krangka pedoman antisipasi terhadap wanita tersebut seperti apa yang diperkirakan akan terjadi berikutnya, apakah dibutuhkan penyuluhan konseling dan apakah perlu merujuk klien bila ada masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan sosial ekonomi-kultural atau masalah psikologi. Setiap rencana asuhan haruslah disetujui oleh kedua belah pihak, yaitu oleh bidan dan klien agar dapat dilaksanakan dengan efektif karena klien juga akan melaksanakan rencana tersebut. Semua keputusan yang dikembangkan dalam asuhan menyeluruh ini harus rasional dan benar-benar valid berdasarkan pengetahuan dan teori yang up to date serta sesuai dengan asumsi tentang apa yang akan dilakukan klien.
Langkah VI: Implementasi Pada langkah ke enam ini rencana asuhan menyeluruh seperti yang telah diuraikan pada langkah ke lima dilaksanakan secara aman dan efisien. Perencanaan ini dibuat dan dilaksanakan seluruhnya oleh bidan atau sebagian lagi oleh klien atau anggota tim kesehatan lainnya. Walaupun bidan tidak melakukannya sendiri, bidan tetap bertanggung jawab untuk mengarahkan pelaksanaannya. Dalam kondisi dimana bidan berkolaborasi dengan dokter untuk menangani klien yang mengalami komplikasi, maka keterlibatan bidan dalam. penatalaksanaan asuhan bagi klien adalah tetap bertanggung jawab terhadap terlaksananyarencana asuhan bersama yang menyeluruh tersebut. Pelaksanaan yang efisien akan menyangkut waktu dan biaya serta meningkatkan mutu dan asuhan klien Langkah VII: Evaluasi Pada langkah ini dilakukan evaluasi keefektifan dari asuhan yang sudah diberikan meliputi pemenuhan kebutuhan akan bantuan apakah benar-benar telah terpenuhi sesuai dengan kebutuhan sebagaimana telah diidentifikasidi dalam diagnosa dan masalah.
Rencana tersebut dapat dianggap efektif jika memang benar-benar efektif dalam pelaksanaannya. Langkah- langkah proses penatalaksanaan umumnya merupakan pengkajian yang memperjelas proses pemikiran yang mempengaruhi tindakan serta berorientasi pada proses klinis, karena proses penatalaksanaan tersebut berlangsung di dalam situasi klinik dan dua langkah terakhir tergantung pada klien dan situasi klinik c.
Pengkajian Data Fokus Pengkajian adalah merupakan suatu proses yang sistematis dalam pengumpulan data dari berbagai sumber data untuk mengevaluasi dan mengidentifikasi status kesehatan klien. Pengkajian merupakan dasar utama dalam memberikan asuhan, oleh karena itu pengkajian harus yang akurat, lengkap, sesuai dengan kenyataan, kebenaran data sangat penting dalam merumuskan suatu diagnosa keperawatan dan memberikan pelayanan keperawatan sesuai dengan respon individu. Data fokus adalah data tentang perubahan-perubahan atau respon klien terhadap kesehatan dan masalah kesehatannya serta hal-hal yang mencakup tindakan yang dilaksanakan pada klien. Riwayat untuk Deteksi Komplikasi dan Ketidaknyamanan a. Menanyakan bagaimana perasaan pasien sejak kunjungan terakhirnya 2. Menanyakan apakah pasien mempunyai pertanyaan atau kekhawatiran yang timbul sejak kunjungan terakhir 3. Gerakan janin dalam 24 jam terakhir b.
Deteksi ketidaknyamanan 1. Menanyakan keluhan - keluhan yang biasa dialami oleh ibu hamil 2. Menanyakan kemungkinan tanda - tanda bahaya yang dialami oleh ibu 2. Pemeriksaan Fisik Pada tiap kunjungan ulang antenatal pemeriksaan fisik berikut dilakukan untuk mendeteksi tiap tanda-tanda keluhan ibu dan evaluasi pada janin:. a. Janin: Denyut jantung janin.
Normal DJJ 120-160 kali per menit. Apabila kurang dari 120 x atau menitdisebut bradikardi, sedang lebih dari 160 x per menit disebut tathicardi. Ukuran janin Dengan cara Mc. Donald untuk mengetahui TFU dengan pita ukur kemudian dilakukan penghitungan tafsiran berat janin dengan rumus( TFU dalam cm ) – n x 155 = gram.
Bila kepala diatas atau pada ishiadica maka n = 12. Bila kepala dibawah spina ishiadica maka n = Letak dan presentasi Letak dan presentasi dapat diketahui dengan menggunakan palpasi.
Salah satu cara palpasi yang sering digunakan adalah menurut Leopold. Leopold I: Untuk mengetahui tinggi fundus uteri dan bagian yang berada pada bagian fundus 2. Leopold II: Untuk mengetahui letak janin memanjang atau melintang dan bagian janin yang teraba disebelah kiri atau kanan 3. Leopold III: Untuk menentukan bagian janin yang ada dibawah (presentasi) 4.
Leopold IV: Untuk menentukan apakah bagian bawah janin sudah masuk panggul b. Aktivitas/ gerakan janin Dikenal adanya gerakan 10, yang artinya dalam waktu 12 jam normal gerakan janin minimal 10 kali. Tekanan darah 2. Berat badan 3. Tanda-tanda bahaya 4.
Tinggi Fundus Uteri 5. Umur kehamilan 6. Pemeriksaan vagina 7. Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Pemeriksaan laboratorium awal pada wanita dengan risiko ringan meliputi tes darah berikut: golongan darah dan factor rhesus (Rh), skrining antibody, hitung darah lengkap atau hematokrit, rapid plasma regain (RPR), atau tes lain untuk mendeteksi sifilis, titer rubella, HBSAg, dan HIV. Banyak klinisi juga melakukan kultur urine.
Seiring kemajuan kehamilan, tes tambahan, seperti skrining tripel serum maternal, juga diperlukan. BAB IV PENUTUP A.
KESIMPULAN Kunjungan awal Kehamilan adalah suatu kunjungan yang dilakukan pertama kali ibu hamil dari awal kehamilan hingga minggu ke-36. Sedangkan kunjungan ulang yaitu setiap kali kunjungan antenatal yang dilakukan setelah kunjungan antenatal pertama sampai persalinan. SARAN Sebaiknya ibu hamil rajin memeriksakan kehamilannya untuk mendeteksi dini jika terjadi komplikasi pada kehamilannya, sehingga keselamatannya dan janinnya tidak terancam. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Mocthar R, 1998, Sinopsis Obstetri Cetakan I,EGC, Jakarta. Hacher/moore, 2001, Esensial obstetric dan ginekologi, hypokrates, jakarta Abdul bari saifuddin, 2001, Buku acuan nasional pelayanan kesehatan maternal dan neonatal, penerbit yayasan bina pustaka sarwono prawirohardjo, Jakarta Manuaba,Ida Bagus Gede, 1998, Ilmu kebidanan,penyakit kandungan dan keluarga berencana, EGC, Jakarta Marlyn Doenges,dkk, 2001,Rencana perawatan Maternal/Bayi, EGC, Jakarta Arif Mansyoer,DKK,1999, Kapita selecta Kedokteran, Penerbit media aeskulapius FKUI.
Helen Varney,DKK, 2002, Buku Saku Bidan, cetakan I, EGC, Jakarta Lynda Jual Carpenito, 2001, Buku Saku Diagnosa keperawatan edisi 8,EGC,Jakarta. KMB: III DOSEN: Ns. MUSRIANI, S.Kep. M.Kes TUGAS: MAKALAH “MAKALAH KEHAMILAN” OLEH: NAMA: IRWAN BUDHI UTMO ODE BYO NIM: 11.11.912 TINGKAT: III A AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN MUNA TAHUN 2014. DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR. I DAFTAR ISI.
Ii BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang. Tujuan Penulisan. Manfaat Penulisan. 1 BAB II PEMBAHASAN. 2 BAB III ASUHAN KEHAMILAN. 9 BAB IV PENUTUP A.
14 DAFTAR PUSTAKA. 15. KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah tentang “KEHAMILAN”, yang mana makalah ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas Akademi Keperawatan Pemerintah Kabupaten Muna. Dalam penyusunan makalah ini, penulis banyak mendapatkan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan memberikan saran.
Penulis menyadari bahwa, dalam pembuatan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik yang membangun sangat penulis harapkan. Akhirnya penulis berharap agar makalah ini bermanfaat bagi penulis khususnya dan Mahasiswa /Mahasiswi Akademi Keperawatan Pemerintah Kabupaten Muna pada umumnya. Raha, 19 Juli 2014 Penulis.
Nurses, also known as registered nurses, take care of the sick, treat injuries and give emotional support to patients and their families. Daily activities of the registered nurse may include helping doctors examine and treat patients, administering tests to patients, submitting these tests to laboratories, providing patients and their families with instructions on how to take care of themselves, which can include proper nutrition, exercise and taking medications. Nurses can focus on one type of treatment or one type of medical problem. Some registered nurses help doctors during surgery, while others work in emergency rooms or intensive care units. Many nurses work in doctors' offices where they administer medical tests, take patients’ vital signs, dress wounds, do lab work and perform administrative duties. Types of jobs for registered nurses in Los Angeles can vary - from home health nurses going to people's homes to help patients to flying in helicopters to get to patients in an emergency.
With advanced training, a registered nurse can become a nurse practitioner and prescribe medication like physicians. Nurse midwives can help women give birth. Registered Nurses in Los Angeles who work in a hospital environment help the sick and often deal with medical emergencies, which can be very stressful. Nurses in hospitals often help many patients at once and spend a lot of time standing and walking. Safety is an issue for registered nurses because they care for people with diseases, move patients frequently, as well as come into contact with radiation (x-rays) and chemicals. Because patients need 24-hour care, hospital nurses often work nights, weekends and holidays. There is flexibility to the nursing profession as many registered nurses are able to work part-time.
How do you prepare to become a nurse in California? Nurses must graduate from an LA nursing school or other nursing school in Southern California. It takes about two years of college to finish an associate degree in nursing and about four years to complete a bachelor's degree in nursing. A diploma in nursing usually takes about three years. Deciding what type of training to choose is important. Some careers are open only to nurses who have a bachelor's degree. Nursing education includes clinical training, where nursing students train with registered nurses in a hospital or other healthcare environment.
Nurses study anatomy, chemistry, nutrition, psychology, theory and nursing. Upon graduation, nurses must pass a test to obtain a permanent nursing credential to practice in California. Registered nurses take courses every few years to keep their skills current. Nurses should be caring and nurturing. They also need to be good at identifying problems and remembering details. Nurses need to work well with doctors and patients. Many nurses also supervise assistants and other workers.
In Los Angeles, with experience and advanced coursework, registered nurses can become head nurses or nursing managers. Some nurses move into the business side of health care and find work in large companies in healthcare planning, and marketing. To prepare for a nursing job in Los Angeles, prospective nursing students should take biology and other science courses. Communication skills are critical, so students need to be proficient in reading and writing.
Mathematics is also important as nurses need to account for doses of medicines for patients. How does a nursing job pay in Los Angeles as well as in the United States? The average half of all registered nurses earned between $ 47,710 and $ 69,850 in 2006. The lowest-paid 10 percent earn less than $ 40,250. The highest paid 10 percent made more than $83,440. (Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics-BLS) Registered Nurses are the largest occupation in the healthcare industry. There are about 2.5 million nurses in the United States as of 2006, with about 60% employed by hospitals and 20% working part-time.
What does the future hold for nursing? The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects jobs for registered nurses to grow much faster than the average for all occupations through 2016. Many new jobs will be available for people who want to be nurses. Hospitals will need nurses, but many new nurses working in home health clinics, doctors' offices and nursing homes will also be needed. For more information about nursing careers in Los Angeles, Go to.
Being a smart child who is not a gift given by God alone. But there are several factors or how to educate a child who makes a thin brain than others. Here are a few things about MSNNews delivered by education should be acquired children. Education is what I call here is not formally in school.
But that must be done at home parents. Here are some ways that makes children can become more intelligent than others: Play music This can stimulate the growth of the right brain. And from studies conducted by universities of Toronto, this can increase the IQ and academic value of children. Develop a child's curiosity Successful education for bright kids will always want to know new things. So from the childhood habit that you as parents should always show the curiosity of the children. That way you do not need to send these children to learn it.
Because he himself would wonder. Automatically with the more he learned to make it smart. Reading culture With reading activities will increase knowledge and cognitive development of children. Then how to do it? Read stories to children can be one way out.
Alternatively, give children the gift of a book that can attract attention. Especially now the internet era, why not use that weapon in educating? Internet has proven an effective way to get people to read. Of course, since this for the education of children to be smart, must remain accompanied by Parents. Confidence Educating children is a good smart-confidence and made him always optimistic that he can do something. One way is to participate in sports or social activities can membantunya.Dan not even educate children so that he became less confident. One example is when a mother criticized her picture because the sky is red instead of blue.
It seems trivial. But it's not a good education. Because children become afraid to do something because it is wrong. And people who never do anything how would be smart. Some other things that can make a smart child is of course the benefits of breastfeeding, eliminate fast food and providing healthy food, get exercise.
Hopefully, if you educate with education as a way above, children can become more intelligent. By: Blubert Tavedorn Coronary Artery Disease is commonly known as Heart Disease or Atherosclerosis. In, plaque builds up inside the arteries. These plaques are formed by fats and cause the arteries to harden. The deposits are made of fat that came from the food that we eat. These fat deposits narrow the arteries and impede circulation.
The narrowing of the arteries also causes high blood pressure because the body tries to compensate for the inadequate supply of blood throughout the system. Fat deposits in arteries are very dangerous. Aside from the fact that these arteries should not be present in the arteries, these deposits also cause a disturbance in the heart's normal functioning. The blood vessels with fat deposits are narrowed. It also causes hardening that inhibits the normal elastic function of the vessels.
It causes decreased blood flow to the heart which results in chest pain called angina. Angina occurs when the heart doesn't have enough supply of oxygen for it to function properly. The heart muscles need oxygen for them to function because it is necessary for the energy formation of muscles that it uses for working.
Without adequate energy, muscles will fail to work. Angina is described as a painful squeezing feeling in the chest that is also felt in the jaws, extremities and the back.
A heart attack occurs after angina. The heart ceases to function because its muscles did not receive much oxygen. Certain muscles in the heart have died because of the inadequate supply of oxygen and therefore the remaining muscles have to compensate for the loss. Compensation gives extra workload and fatigue, causing it to stop. There are a lot of factors that cause coronary heart disease. One of them is a major risk factor that can't be avoided and that is family history. If your family is known to have coronary heart disease, then you will likely also have the condition.
Little is known about this theory but it is very consistent among patients with coronary heart disease. If you are living a sedentary or inactive lifestyle, it is now time to change your ways and to do some serious physical work. A sedentary lifestyle will increase your risk of developing heart disease because without physical activities, your heart muscles will become flabby and weak.
You need to do some simple exercises to tone your heart muscles and make it strong. Obesity also increases the chance of having heart disease. Fat is a major contributory factor for the development of heart disease and people who are obese or overweight have a lot of fat stored in their bodies. These fats need to be burned down to lose weight and prevent having serious complications such as heart disease. All in all, heart disease is caused by living an inappropriate lifestyle. Keep in mind that no matter how rich you are, it is not an excuse for you not to work. Exercise should also be a regular habit so that your muscles will be tougher and can reach their optimum functioning.
For an awesome resource on yoga, look into these this instant. To find other free health content see. Atrial Fibrillation Treatment: What Are My Options? By: Ben Escomm Some of you may have heard that afib is common, comes with age, and is harmless. Not necessarily true.
Clots can form in the heart from atrial fibrillation which can lead to a stroke. Afib may start as happening only every so often, but it usually leads to more episodes, which may lead to a more permanent episode (i.e. Occurring all the time). The irregularity in the heart rate can cause you to be symptomatic. And there are some studies that are looking at a link between afib and heart failure. So atrial fibrillation is not something to take lightly and it should be managed by your doctor.
No doubt, if your doctor has diagnosed you with atrial fibrillation, then he or she has already started you on some drug treatment. The most common would be a blood thinner to prevent a clot from forming in the heart and thus reducing the potential for a stroke. When a patient is in atrial fibrillation, their heart is very irregular and sometimes can race at a rate of between 100 and 130 or higher. In some patients this can make them feel symptomatic.
If you are one of these patients and feel symptoms from the atrial fibrillation, your doctor may prescribe rate or rhythm control drugs. As the names suggest, these meds try to control the irregular and rapid rates of your heart. Though useful in controlling the heart, some patients dont like them because of their associated side affects.
Additionally, since the drugs slow the heart rate down, theres a chance of the heart going too slow. To counter this effect of drug treatment a pacemaker is sometimes implanted to ensure that your heart is beating at an appropriate level. Another option available is an atrial fibrillation ablation. Unlike the medication therapy, this option tries to cure the atrial fibrillation. The procedure takes place at the hospital and is relatively simple.
The only pain you would feel is after the procedure (you are usually asleep during the ablation), where the instruments used in the procedure (catheters) were inserted into your body. These instruments are small enough to fit in your blood vessels and are usually inserted in the groin area. The blood vessels are a way for the doc to access your heart without the need for major surgery (i.e. Open heart surgery).
I go into more details on atrial fibrillation treatments on my website: www.understandingatrialfibrillation.com. There you will also find descriptions of atrial fibrillation, causes, and much moreall in easy to understand terms. Www.UnderstandingAtrialFibrillation.com Ben has been in the medical device industry for several years. His experience is specifically with equipment relating to the heart. A good amount of his work is understanding patient heart conditions so that he can better suggest to cardiologists which equipment will work best for a specific situation.
His work also provides him with a lot of patient interaction and this is where his website started. UnderstandingAtrialFibrillation.com is made for the patient-no medical jargon, just easy to understand information. To find other free health content see e-healtharticles.com. Scientific research shows that intelligence is both genetic and environmental. Intelligence is also not fixed but can be increased because the brain develops new neurons and interconnections with stimulation.
A supportive environment fosters numerous aspects of intelligence. The following 10 easy ways to stimulate intelligence in children will provide an 'enriched environment' for brain growth. One: Love and Self-Esteem Improve Academic Performance In a long series of experiments, Prescott Lecky, an American educational researcher, found a high correlation between low self-esteem and learning problems in children. He correctly theorized that by raising a child's self-esteem, learning performance would also improve. His success stories include a poor speller who averaged 55 in six months, a Latin student who went from 30 after three encouraging conversations with a teacher, and a student considered to have no aptitude for English who improved over a semester to win the school's literary prize. Two: Breast Fed Babies Are Smarter Danish researchers found that mother's milk contained essential micronutrients for brain development. In fact, the longer the child was breast fed, the more the brain was nourished.
For example, infants breast fed for 9 months were smarter than infants only breast-fed for two months. Three: Proper Nutrition Improve Health And Nerve Conduction Diets high in sugar, Trans fatty acids, and salt decreased health in children.
Junk food failed to provide sufficient iron for healthy brain development, resulting in poor nerve impulses. Children with nutritional deficiency also missed school more often because of illness and fell behind their peers. Four: Proper Breakfast Improves Attention At School Thirty years of research has shown a strong correlation between breakfast and mental alertness. Children who had nutritious breakfasts had better memory. They also concentrated better and absorbed more information during class.
Those who had no breakfast or poor breakfast were more irritable and distracted during class. Five: Exercise Benefits Intelligence And Personality Research conducted by the University of Illinois showed that fitter children performed better academically.
Besides the obvious physiological benefits of improved oxygen intake, blood flow, immune stimulation, and neural transmission, there was also a psychological and sociological component, too. Psychologically, fitter children showed higher self-esteem. Sociologically, those who participated in organized sports displayed more confidence, more cooperation, and spontaneous leadership. Six: Musical Training Improves IQ Into Adulthood Long-term research by the University of Toronto showed that organized music lessons benefited children all the way into adulthood. The longer the child studied music, the higher their IQs as adults. Music students also displayed better grades throughout their schooling.
Seven: Some Video Games Enhance Mental Acuity Research by the University of Rochester found that certain video games improved sensory perception, strategic thinking, and planning ahead of time. The video games that created positive mental improvements had an educational element that improved motor skills and enhanced memory.
Eight: Mind Games Do More Than Entertain Board games like chess, checkers, creative games like Lego and jigsaw puzzles, and brainteaser games like crosswords, cryptograms, riddles, and Sudoku improved intelligence. Specifically, they stimulated better decision-making, smarter analytical thinking, and more accurate problem solving. Nine: Reading Improves Both Creativity And Logic Whether a child was read to at bedtime, or actively read their own books, silently or aloud, they displayed increased left and right brain intellectual growth. Both fiction and non-fiction books improved creative imagination and logical, sequential thinking. Ten: Nurturing Curiosity Creates An Open, Absorbent Mind Curiosity, the urge to seek knowledge, is essential to improving intelligence in children. Conducting educational outings, teaching new skills, and supporting hobbies encouraged the development of curiosity. These 10 ways of raising intelligence in children are easy to apply, practical, and within the reach of parents and teachers.
Research has shown that they are highly effective in creating the environmental support children need to develop their intelligence. By: Michael Tipper There comes a time in every student's life when those things that you dread begin to loom on the horizon. Depending upon how confident you are about them, your horizon will either be measured in months, or maybe days. What am I talking about? Of course I mean examinations. You may be about to go into mid term mock examinations or you could be facing your final tests.
Whatever your situation and whenever you are going to be sat in an examination room it is never too early to start getting ready for those tests. Thorough preparation will provide you with a strong foundation and will give you the confidence and belief that you can do them and that you will get the grades you want. But where do you start and which of the hundreds of study tips and study skill ideas do you use?
I am often asked for my top ten tips when it comes to exam success and over the years I have accumulated many ideas, some of which are more effective than others. However if I were to limit myself to just the top 10 that I felt were the most powerful based on all of the work I have done in this field, here are the ones that I think are the most powerful: Find your own deep and compelling reason to successfully learn your subject and pass your exams.
This really is the most important of the study tips I shall share with you here because your success will be deeply rooted in your motivation to learn. Many kids at school do not want to be there and can't be bothered to try which is often why they fail. It does not mean that they are unable to learn, it just means that they have not applied themselves to the work at hand. I know that this is often true because I have met literally hundreds of people who 'failed' at school by conventional standards yet later in life made the decision to go back to studying a subject because they wanted to do it. And because of their motivation to succeed the did.
So what does that mean to you? Well understand that you are driven by emotional needs and not necessarily logical ones. If we were driven by logic, the world would be a much better place. So you have to find a deep emotional reason for achieving success as a student. And if you can dig deep and find that reason then nothing will stop you because you will find a way. Plan your time to include study, revision and social commitments - a balance of having fun, taking breaks and studying is vital. Balance is very important to have a successful and rewarding life and the same is true when you are a student.
OK you could spend every waking hour reading every book you could find and learning everything you could and yes you would pass your exams provided you had not burnt out. But it would not be fun, you would have no friends and you would definitely be out of balance. Taking appropriate breaks and giving yourself little rewards when you have finished an essay or learnt something new for your exams is vital for your success. This is because it keeps you in balance and gives you a degree of variety that keeps you fresh and alert. Yes having a night out with your friends is good for you - but only if it is as a reward for doing good work and is as part of your overall plan. Use multi-coloured Mind Maps for your notes.
My friend and mentor Tony Buzan developed the most powerful thinking tool ever (and I am not exaggerating here) when he invented the Mind Map. Imagine being able to get the key facts from an entire book on a single page in a way that was not only easy to remember but would stay in your memory for as long as you wanted it. Imagine having a thinking tool that allowed you to prepare essays and assignments in a fraction of the time than you do at the moment AND have them much better. Imagine being able to give a powerful hour long presentation from a single page of colourful notes that you put together in about 10 minutes.
Well all these are possible with the Mind Map. It is an amazing tool that combines the power of association, the fact that we have a very strong visual processing mechanism and that it combines right and left brain processing. I have seen what Mind Maps can do for students of all ages and all abilities and if I had my way it would be a compulsory tool taught to kids from a very young age. Review your notes regularly to reinforce your new-found knowledge. This is another very simple but extremely powerful tip for you.
The experience of most students is that the learning that takes place in the classroom is really an information gathering exercise. When it comes to revising for their exams at the end of the year they go to their notes and often can't remember ever seeing that information before.
They know they must have because the notes are in their handwriting but they can't remember anything! So the preparation for exams becomes a re-learning exercise. This study tip is so simple and powerful yet most will not bother. If at the end of every day, every week and every month you quickly scanned what you have learnt, made a few key word notes and then reviewed those ultra-condensed notes regularly, you would be amazed at how much you could remember. This only need take 10 minutes at the end of the day, half an hour at the end of the week and maybe an hour or two at the end of the month. Each time you review what you have learnt, even in condensed key word format, it is more deeply engrained in your memory. Swiftly skim through your text books and course material before you read them in depth to give you an overview of your subject.
Now there is not enough space here to explain why this tip is important because it is a fundamental part of learning how to read faster and absorb more information. Just trust me on this one and before you start reading, skim through your book (no more than 10 minutes) to get a feel for the contents.
As you read in greater depth later on, some of what you have got from the quick scan will help put into context that information and allow you to make the necessary links in your mind and memory. Doing this will often stop you from getting stuck at any point because you will have a flavour of what is to come later in the book and this added preview can help the understanding of earlier information. Learn how to remember lists of things by linking each item to a location on a journey or route you are familiar with around your town. You could even use your own home. At some point, once you have understood your subject, you will need to be able to memorise it. Many people think that just understanding it is enough to learn it but unfortunately that is not the case and so some memorization is necessary.
The most powerful way of doing this is to create a 'filing system' in your mind. One way to do this is to create a little journey in your imagination (it can be a real place or you can make it up). See for example the chair, the bed, the TV, the door and the window in your bedroom. If you wanted to remember a sequence of items you would link an outrageous (and therefore memorable) picture to each location. To recall the information, simply revisit the journey in your own mind and 'see' the information in the silly pictures you have created. Before you do any revision, warm up by doing some gentle exercise to relieve any tension in your body and to get a rush of healthy oxygen flowing to your brain.
There is a saying - 'a healthy body, a healthy mind' - and nowhere is this more true than when it comes to learning. Two things happen when you physically warm up before studying. First of all you get rid of any physical tension that will create stress in the body and mind (not good for learning) and secondly you will get a rush of oxygen to the brain which will help you think more clearly (definitely good for learning). Do past papers under thorough exam conditions as often as possible to familiarise yourself with the format and the pressures of working under exam conditions. If you are training in a sport or practicing a musical instrument, you will practice the plays or rehearse the pieces for the big day. It would not make sense to spend months doing push ups and then turn up on the big day and expect to play soccer really well. It would also be unwise to only practice scales on your instrument and then when the big performance comes up expect a perfect recital.
So the same is true of exams. Fortunately these days you can get hold of past exam papers from previous years. Do these, under the same exam conditions, over and over again so that when the big day comes you will have exam experience under your belt. Doing this will give you more confidence, much better exam techniqe and an insight into how the examiners for your subject think. Remember practice makes perfect. In an exam, make sure you read the question completely and fully understand what the examiner wants before you allocate your time and begin answering the questions. This is commonsense but you would be amazed at how many people do not do this.
Take your time, plan what you are going to write and then write it. If you are faced with a mental block breathe deeply, relax and ask yourself 'If I did know the answer to this question, what would it be?' This might sound silly but if you do it with a positive expectation that your very powerful subconcious will give you the answer, then you will be amazed at what comes to mind. The combination of the breathing, relaxation and expectation is the key.
Of course you have had to have done the preparation beforehand because this won't work with information that you have not previously learnt or covered in class. So there you have my top 10 tips. Each are very powerful and just doing one of them will make a big difference to your success.but if you do all 10.Wow! Good luck and please do let me know how these work for you. About The Author Michael Tipper makes it very easy to be highly effective at learning and passing exams in a way that any student can easily achieve. To receive your free 7 day mini-course on being a highly effective student visit http://www.the77habits.com.
What is Swine Flu? Swine flu (swine influenza) is a disease of pigs. It is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by one of many Influenza A viruses. Approximately 1% to 4% of pigs that get swine flu die from it. It is spread among pigs by direct and indirect contact, aerosols, and from pigs that are infected but do not have symptoms. In many parts of the world pigs are vaccinated against swine flu.
Most commonly, swine flu is of the flu.mytipsonline.info”title=”' H1N1 influenza subtype. However, they can sometimes come from the other types, such as H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2. The current outbreak of swine flu that has infected humans is of the H1N1 type – this type is not as dangerous as some others. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) can also infect pigs Avian flu and human seasonal flu viruses can infect pigs, as well as swine influenza. The H3N2 influenza virus subtype, a virulent one, is thought to have come from pigs – it went on to infect humans. It is possible for pigs to be infected with more than one flu virus subtype simultaneously.
When this happens the genes of the viruses have the opportunity to mingle. When different flu subtypes mix they can create a new virus which contains the genes from several sources – a reassortant virus. What is strep throat? What is sore throat? Although swine influenza tends to just infect pigs, they can, and sometimes do, jump the species barrier and infect humans. What is the risk for human health?
Outbreaks of human infection from a virus which came from pigs (swine influenza) do happen and are sometimes reported. Symptoms will generally be similar to seasonal human influenzas – this can range from mild or no symptoms at all, to severe and possibly fatal pneumonia. As swine flu symptoms are similar to typical human seasonal flu symptoms, and other upper respiratory tract infections, detection of swine flu in humans often does not happen, and when it does it is usually purely by chance through seasonal influenza surveillance. If symptoms are mild it is extremely unlikely that any connection to swine influenza is found – even if it is there. In other words, unless the doctors and experts are specifically looking for swine flu, it is rarely detected.
Because of this, we really do not know what the true human infection rate is. Examples of known swine flu infecting humans Since the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) implementation of IHR (2005) in 2007, they have been notified of swine influenza cases from the USA and Spain. In March/April 2009 human cases of influenza A swine fever (H1N1) were first reported in California and Texas. Later other states also reported cases.
A significant number of human cases during the same period have also been reported in Mexico – starting just in Mexico City, but now throughout various parts of the country. More cases are being reported in Canada, Europe, and New Zealand – mainly from people who have been in Mexico. How does a human catch swine influenza? Dr Margaret Chan Director-General of the World Health Organization Excellencies, distinguished members of the Review Committee, representatives of member states, colleagues in the UN system, representatives of nongovernmental organizations, members of the media, ladies and gentlemen, I am pleased to welcome you to the start of this review process. I am also pleased to see such a broad range of interests and expertise represented in this room. This has been the first influenza pandemic in four decades.
This has been the first major test of the functioning of the revised International Health Regulations, which entered into force in 2007. The International Health Regulations have a provision that calls for a review of their functioning no later than five years after their entry into force. In 2008, the World Health Assembly decided that this first review should be undertaken by the Sixty-third World Health Assembly in May 2010.
As you know, this provision and this decision were in place prior to the onset of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. During the January 2010 session of the Executive Board, I proposed that the scheduled IHR review could also be used to assess the international response to the influenza pandemic. The Executive Board agreed to this proposal. I believe there is merit in assessing the performance of an international instrument, like the IHR, when put to an extreme test by a widespread and closely scrutinized infectious disease event.
As I have said before, this has been the most closely watched and carefully scrutinized pandemic in history. This gives us a vast body of scientific, clinical, and epidemiological data to assess. Moreover, the pandemic’s spread was rapidly global. To date, laboratory confirmed cases of H1N1 pandemic influenza have been officially reported from 213 countries and overseas territories or communities. This gives us a vast and varied experience to assess. The outbreak of SARS, the first severe new disease of the 21st century, occurred in 2003 while drafting of the revised Regulations was under way. Experiences during that outbreak led to many refinements in the Regulations, including the introduction of a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one, myself included, has unfettered power.
I see potential advantages in assessing the performance of the Regulations with a particular focus on the influenza pandemic and how it was managed, especially at the international level by WHO. When the performance of the IHR is assessed under the challenging conditions of an influenza pandemic, specific strengths and weaknesses are likely to come to light. Ladies and gentlemen, In planning and organizing this review, WHO aimed to facilitate a process that is independent, credible, and transparent. We want a frank and critical assessment.
WHO is not defining or restricting the scope of specific issues that may arise. If our member states have questions or concerns, we want to hear these questions and concerns raised. We are seeking lessons, about how the IHR has functioned, about how WHO and the international community responded to the pandemic, that can aid the management of future public health emergencies of international concern. And I can assure you: there will be more. We want to know what worked well.
We want to know what went wrong and, ideally, why. We want to know what can be done better and, ideally, how. In a spirit of inclusiveness, this meeting has been opened to a range of organizations and agencies interested in improving our collective management of public health emergencies.
We want to hear your views as well. To support the credibility and independent nature of the review process, the Secretariat has been diligent in inviting a membership in this committee that is geographically balanced, that includes the views and experiences of developing and developed countries, and that represents a broad range of scientific expertise and practical experience in multiple disciplines. The Secretariat has also been especially vigilant in seeking out possible conflicts of interest among committee members.
As I said, we want a frank, critical, transparent, credible and independent review of our performance, as well as that of the International Health Regulations. The Secretariat will do everything it can to facilitate such a process.
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